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New Study Shows Boys Face Serious Issues Which Are Being Ignored
Both boys and girls have issues, but boys seem to be the ones getting the raw deal. According to Judith Kleinfeld, professor of psychology at the University of Alaska Fairbanks in the US, issues affecting boys are more serious than those affecting girls, but they have been neglected by policy makers. Her review1 of issues characterizing American boyhood, how they compare to those affecting girls, and the lack of initiatives in place to address them has just been published in the June issue of Springer"s journal Gender Issues.
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Young People At High HIV Risk Say Peers Should Teach Prevention
African-American adolescents have some of the highest rates of HIV infection in the United States, and efforts to educate them about preventing the disease must include the help of their adolescent peers, new research suggests.
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36th European Symposium On Calcified Tissue, Vienna, 23 - 27 May 2009
Journalists are invited to register for the 36th European Symposium on Calcified Tissue in Vienna, 23 - 27 May. Presentations offer state-of-the-art research on bone and mineralized tissue, as well as the diagnostis and treatment of metabolic bone disease.
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MiR-196a Promotes The Metastases Of Tumors

MicroRNAs are small RNA molecules of 20-25 nucleotides length, regulating gene expression by inhibition of transcription or translation of proteins. High levels of miR-196a, a microRNA suppressing the expression of specific homebox genes that are of high relevance for the development of the human embryo, activated oncogenic pathways inside human tumor cells and induced tumor cell dissemination. miR-196a increased the chemosensitivity towards platin derivatives such as cisplatin and oxaliplatin and might be a useful biomarker. Analysing the microRNA expression pattern in pancreatic cancer by microRNA chip analyses, Carlo Croce found that 75% of tumours expressed miR-196a at a high level, predicting poor patient survival. Yekta and colleagues first described a miR-196a-directed cleavage of specific homebox genes (HoxB8, HoxC8, HoxD8 and HoxA7) in mouse embryos and mammalian cells. As a tumour-suppressive effect of HoxC8 has been previously discussed in humans, it has been hypothesized that miR-196a might promote tumour progression. A research article published on May 7, 2009 in the World Journal of Gastroenterology addresses this question. In fact, Carl Schimanski and colleagues report that miR-196a supports tumour cell detachment and tumour cell dissemination in vitro via activation of the AKT pathway. In order to confirm these experiments, they performed animal studies with immune suppressed mice which received a tail vein injection of human tumour cells. Pretreatment of tumour cells with miR-196a lead to significantly more lung metastases in these animals. Therefore, the authors conclude that miR-196a does support the development of metastases by exerting a pro-oncogenic function. Noteworthy, several other microRNA have been described that exert pro-oncogenic funtions, such as miR-17-92 which is significantly increased in small-cell lung cancer and decreases survival by inhibition of tumour-suppressor genes PTEN and RB2. The exact mode of function of miR-196a still needs to be analysed. Reference: Schimanski CC, Frerichs K, Rahman F, Berger M, Lang H, Galle PR, Moehler M, Gockel I. High miR-196a levels promote the oncogenic phenotype of colorectal cancer cells. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15(17): 2089-2096 http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/15/2089.asp Correspondence to: Carl Christoph Schimanski, First Department of Internal Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany. Lin Tian World Journal of Gastroenterology


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